动词是表示动作（study, find, swim 等）或状态（be, like, feel 等）的词。动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态和语态变化。
动词分类：动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词四类。
一）助动词
助动词没有任何含义，不能单独做谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语，帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有be, do, does, did, have, will, shall等。具体用法如下：
1、助动词be的用法如下：
1）构成各种进行时态。如：
It was raining all day yesterday.
昨天整天下雨。
2）构成被动语态。如：
The meeting was held yesterday afternoon.
会议是昨天下午举行的。
3）与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如：
They are to see an English film this evening.
他们今天晚上看英语电影。
2、助动词do的用法如下：
1）构成疑问式或否定式。如：
Does he think so?
I didn’t say anything about the result.
2)在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调，意为“的确，确实”。如：
They do study hard.
He did want to help the old man.
3、have: 助动词have 的过去式是had。have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如：
He has lived here for three years.
As soon as the sun had set they returned.
4、shall, should: 助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态；助动词should 是shall的过去式，构成过去将来时。如：I shall send ten letters to my good friend.
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二）情态动词
情态动词本身有一定含义，但不能单独作谓语，要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有：can, may, must, need, should等。
表示能力
表示能力一般用can, could。如：Rose can speak now, but she couldn’t a week ago.
be able to 也表示能力，它和can 的区别如下：
1）表示做事的能力，两者可通用。但can 只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时。be able to 可用于任何时态。如：
She could / was able to eat four pieces of bread when she was young.
2) 表示过去经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用was/were able to, 但在否定句中可互换。如：
She was weak, but was able to finish the task last night.
can (could) 在疑问句中与第二人称连用时，表示征求对方意见或提出请求，表示委婉语气。虽然could是can的过去式，但是could 只是表示比can语气更加委婉客气，没有时间上的差别。如：
-Could you lend me your pen?
-Yes, I can.
表示许可
表示许可一般用may/might, can/could, 而且常可互换。Might, could语气比较委婉。要特别注意：回答以might, could开头的疑问句只能用may, can 给予直截了当的回答。
-Might/Could I borrow your book?
-Yes, you may/can.
表示必需、必要
must和have to都有“必须” ，一般情况下可互换。如：You must / have to finish the work..
但他们有如下区别：
1）must 表示说话人的主观看法；have to 表示客观需要。如：
I must have a talk with him.
2) 否定式mustn’t 表示禁止，意为“不准，不可以做”；don’t have to 意为“不必”。如：
You mustn’t hit her.
You don’t have to explain it to me if you dislike the job.
注：表示推测的情态动词有表示“一定”的must, 表示“很有可能”的should, ought to 和表示“可能”的can, could, may, might。具体用法如下：
must 表示较有把握的推测，只用于肯定句，不能用语否定句或疑问句。用法如下：
1）对目前动作的推测，用must+动词原形。如：
You must lose in the mountain.
2) 对目前状态的推测，用must + be + 表语。如：You speak for 4 hours, you must be thirsty.
在肯定句中，表示对现在或将来把握不大的推测用may (might) +动词原形，might 比 may 的可能性更小；对过去把握不大的推测用may (might) have+ 过去分词。如：
The package might come tomorrow.
3、在疑问句中，对现在表示推测用can (could) …+动词原形，对过去表示怀疑则用can (could) …have+过去分词；在否定句中，对现在表示推测用can’t+动词原形，对过去表示推测用can’t (couldn’t) have+过去分词。如：
It can’t be John. He has gone to UK.
4、need的双重身份
need 既可作情态动词又可作实意动词，它们的用法不同，如不注意区分，就容易用错。
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三）系动词
连词动词的种类
联系动词含有一定意义，它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词（短语）一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类，而且有自己的特定用法。
1、按意义联系动词有：be, appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove 等，如：Jim appears very old.
２、表示感觉的联系动词有look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。如：It smells bad.
3、表示转变的联系动词有become, fall, get, go, grow, turn等。如：
She becomes more beautiful than three years ago.
四）行为动词
行为动词又称实义动词，它们都含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。
１、及物动词
及物动词后一定要跟宾语，意思才能完整。如：
My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me.
2、不及物动词
不及物动词意义完整，不需带宾语，但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时，必须先加介词后加宾语。如：
He only worried about his daughter.
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二、动词的时态
动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。
1．一般现在时
1）一般现在时态的构成：主语是I, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时，作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：
2）一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：
3）一般现在时态的用法：
现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作 。例如：
I get up at six every morning.
He plays tennis once a week.
现在的状态 例如：
My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school.
客观真理 例如：
The earth goes around the sun.
4）常用于一般现在时态的时间状语：
often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。
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例题：
1. --- May I help you, sir?
--- Yes, I bought the TV the day before yesterday, but it ______.
A. didn’t work B. doesn’t work C. won’t work D. can’t work
解析：电视虽然是前天买的， 但坏了是现在的状态， 应该用一般现在时态。选B.
2．______ the bus until it ______..
A. Get off, stops B. Get off, will stop C. Don’t get off, stops D. Don’t get off, will stop
解析：这是一个以until引导的时间状语从句，主句是祈使句，因此从句要用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。根据句意此题应用not …until（直到……才）句型。应选C。
3．The 70-year-old man ______ exercises in the morning.
A. takes B. are taking C. took D. will take
解析：“这个70岁的老人早晨锻炼。”这里锻炼是一个经常性、习惯性的动作。因此，应选A.
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2. 现在进行时
1）现在进行时的构成：Am/is/ are+ v-ing是现在进行时的构成形式
v-ing现在分词的构成：
2) 现在进行时的肯定肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：
3）现在进行时的用法：
1. 说话时正在进行或发生的动作（动作是在说话时正在进行）。例如：
She is having a bath now.
2. 现阶段正在进行或发生的动作（但是动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行）。例如：
You are working hard today.
Kate wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian.
The population of the world is growing very fast.
频度副词always, forever等词连用时， 表示某种强烈的感情。如：
He is always trying out new ideas. (表示欣赏，表扬)
表示按计划即将发生的动作（仅限于go, come, arrive, leave, start, fly, begin, stay 等动词）。如：
The party is beginning at 8:00 o’clock.
6) 常用于现在进行时态的时间状语： now 等。
often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。
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例题：
1．I don’t think that it’s true. She’s always ______ lies.
A. tell B. tells C. telling D. told
解析：always在这里应现在进行时连用， 带有感情色彩， 表示讨厌。选C.
2. How ______ you ______ with the new job?
A. do, do B. do, get along C. are, doing D. are, getting on
解析：表示现阶段正在发生的动作，用现在进行时。选D.
3．--- Are these socks yours?
--- No. Mine ______ outside on the clothes line.
A. are hanging B. have hung C. hang D. hung
解析：hang意为悬挂， hung意为上吊、绞死，先排除答案B、D。根据前后句意可判断出现在的状态，应用现在进行时。应选 A.
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3．一般将来时
1）一般将来时的构成：
1. 助动词will(shall)+动词原形
2. am / is / are +going to +动词原形
2）一般将来时的用法：
1．将要发生的动作。例如：
I will leave for Beijing tomorrow.
2．将要存在的状态。例如：
This time next year I will be in Japan. Where will you be?
3．打算要做的事。 例如：
Are you going to watch the film on television tonight?
3) 常用于一般将来时的时间状语：
tomorrow next week in 2008 等。
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例题：
1. I______ for Hong Kong on Saturday. Will you go to see me off at the airport？
A. am leaving B. am left C. am going to leaving D. left
解析：趋向动词leave 可用现在进行时表将来。选A。
2.I______ to see grandma and help her with some housework every week.
A. came B. am going come C. come D. will come
解析：此题虽然有every week, 但句意中表达的事将要去做的经常性动作。应该用一般将来时。因此选D。
3. We Chinese ______ the Olympic Games in 2008.
A. held B. shall holding C. are holding D. are going to hold
解析：本题的时间状语是将来的时间， 所以选用一般将来时，A、D都删去。shall后面应跟动词原型，
故应选D.
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4．一般过去时
1）一般过去时的构成：
用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：
2）一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：
3）一般过去时的用法：
1． 过去发生的动作。例如：
The police stopped me on my way home last night.
2． 过去存在的状态。例如：
They weren't able to come because they were so busy.
3. 常用于一般过去时的时间状语：
yesterday，three months ago，last year，in 1979，often，always等。
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例题：
1． r. Mott is out. But he ______ here a few minutes ago.
A. was B. is C. will be D. would be
解析：时分钟前发生的动作， 应该用一般过去时。 应选 A，
2．---Hi, Tom.
---Hello, Fancy. I ______ you were here.
A.don’t know B.won’t think C. think D. didn’t know
解析：虽然句中没有明确的时间状语， 但是可以通过上下文语境判断出， 这句话指的是我这段时间并不知道， 你前一阵子在这儿。 所以应选A。
3．He promised to tell me by himself when I ______.
A. come B. would come C. come D. had come
解析：在时间状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来。应选C。
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5．现在完成时
1） 现在完成时的构成：have / has + v-ing
2）现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和see为例）：
在完成时的用法：
1、表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与already, just, ever, never, before等词连用. 如:
She has never read this novel.他从未读过这本小说.(他对小说的内容不了解)
2、表示 “过去的动作”一直延续到现在并有可能继续延续下去. 常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如:
I have been a member of the Party for 10 years.
I have been a member of the Party since 10 years ago.
注：在有for 和since 引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词，应用与之相应的表示状态的词。如：
He has died for 3 years.(F)
He has been dead for 3 years.(T)
注意：①现在完成时不能和表示明确的过去时间连用。如：in 1998, last morning等
②have/has been to 表示“去过”（去了又回来了）
have/has gone to 表示“去过”（去了没回来了）
如：Where has she gone?(句中所指的人不在)
Where has she been?(句中作指的人在)
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例题：
--How long ______ he ______ a fever?
--- Ever since last night.
A. have, got B. have , had C. have, caught D. did, have
解析：此句表示从昨晚起持续到现在的状态，应用现在完成时，去掉答案D。因为是段时间， 所以不能用短暂行动词，get和catch 都是短暂行动词。 因此选B.
My bowl is empty. Who ______ all my soup?
A. drinks B. had drunk C. has drunk D. drank
解析：碗是空的了，这里强调的是所发生的动作造成的结果。 “谁把我的汤都喝了。应选C.
3. I ______ you for a long time. Where ______ you ______?
A. Didn’t seen; did, go B. didn’t see; have, gone C. haven’t seen; have, been D. haven’t seen; have gone
解析：for+段时间一般预先在完成时连用。“你去哪儿了？ ”（在这段时间你不在）应选C。
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6、过去进行时
1）过去进行时的构成： was / were +v-ing
2) 过去进行时的用法：
过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。 例如：
This time last year I was living in Brazil.
What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night?
3)常用于过去进行时的时间状语：
at four yesterday afternoon，then，at that time/moment 等。
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例题：
Daddy promised me he ______ me a computer
A. was bought B. had bought C bought D. would buy
解析：“爸爸答应我给我买一台电脑”。宾语从句中的动作是以过去为起点将要发生的动作，应用过去将来时。
选D。
They said they ______ do some sports if it was fine.
A. were going to B. went C. would going D. were going
解析：“他们说如果天气好的话他们打算去运动。”去做运动发生在说话之后，所以应选用过去将来时，答案B不合适，“打算作某事”为“be going to do ”.would 后面应跟动词原形，应选A.
7、过去完成时态
1）过去完成时态的构成：
肯定式：had + 动词的过去分词
否定式：hadn’t + 动词的过去分词
疑问式：Had … + 动词的过去分词
简略回答: Yes, 主 + have/has had.
No, 主 + had现在完成时的用法
过去完成时的用法：
1、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。 他表示的时间是“过去 的过去 ”常与by last year, by the time of yesterday,等连用。如：
She said she had seen the film 4 times.
By the time they arrived, the bus had left.
2、表示 从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如:
She had worked in this school since it opened 25 years ago.
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例题：
1. He ______ in Shanghai University for four years before he ______ Beijing.
A. studied, had gone B. had studied, went
C. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone
解析：“他去北京之前在上大学学习了4年 ”。在上海学习的动作发生在去北京之前，因此第一个空应用过去完成时。此题选B。
2. Mary said it was at least five years since he ______ a good drink.
A. enjoyed B. was enjoying C. had enjoyed D. would enjoy
解析：It was + 时间段+since 引导的从句中用过去完成时。应选C。
3. Xiao Pei said she ______ Hainan for 3 months.
A. has been in B. had been in C. had been to D. had gone to
解析：“小培说她去了海南三个月 ”。have been to 和have gone to 都是短暂性的动词短语。所以适应表示状态的have been in. 应选B.
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时态综合例题解析：
１--What are Mr and Mrs Black doing ?
---They _____ tea in the garden.
A. are drinking B. drank C. have drunk D. drink
2. My mother often asks me _____early .
A. get up B. got up C. getting up D. to get up
3. Soon Wu Dong ____ up with Li Lei, then they were neck and neck.
A. taught B. caught C. bought D. brought
4. The car ____and stopped at the red traffic light.
A. got on B. got off C. slowed down D. picked up
5. Tom ____ the CD player for two weeks.
A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had
6. ---Do you know ______?
---Sorry, but if he _____ back, I ____ you know as soon as possible.
A. when will he be back, comes, will let B. when he will be back, will come, will let
C. what time will he be back, will come, let D. what time he will be back, comes, will let
7. We ____ to the park if it is fine tomorrow.
A. will go B. have gone C. go
8. A new shoe factory will ______ in this part of the city.
A. be building B. be built C. build
9. ---______ all your things, Tom! I hate them here and there.
---Ok, Mom.
A. Put up B. Put on C. Put down D. Put away
10. --- How about going hiking this weekend?
--- Sorry, I prefer ____ rather than _____.
A. to stay at home, go out B. to go out, stay at home
C. staying at home, go out D. going out, stay at home
解析：
1.根据问句的时态现在进行时，答句时态要一致，故选答案: A
2.根据句中的谓语动词ask的固定搭配 ask sb to do sth. 故答案：D
3.根据第一句的固定动词词组 catch up with sb 及第二句的过去时态，故选答案: B
4.此题主要考查四个动词词组的掌握.根据后半句在红灯时停下来,故选答案: C
5.此题主要考查现在完成时的延续和非延续动词，根据for two weeks 时间短语。故选答案: C
6.此题主要考查宾语丛句和状语丛句的习惯用法。第一句是特殊疑问句的宾语丛句，要用陈述句语序。第二句是if 条件句。丛句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。故选答案：B
7.此题考查if 条件句的主句时态，要用一般将来时，故选答案； A
8.此题考查语态。根据全句的意思，使用被动语态。故选答案： B
9.此题考查四个动词词组put up ,张贴，举起; put on 穿上，上演； put away 把---收拾好。 根据后半句“我讨厌到处乱放”， 故选答案: D
10.此题主要考查一个固定词组：prefer to do sth rather than do sth. 故选答案：C.
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巩固：
一、选择最佳答案填空(动词及搭配)：
1. A policeman saw two thieves ______a girl’s mobile phone on the bus and hecaught them at once.
A. to steal B. stealing C. stole D. stolen
2. The Chinese pingpong players will join in the match.Let’s ______them success.
A. wish B.to wish C.hope D.to hope
3. He is so careless that he always ______his school things at home.
A. forgets B.forgot C.leaves D.left
4. ----Who ______the computer? I want to use it.
----Timmy. He ______ it for a week.
A. borrowed, has borrowed B.has borrowed, bought
C.has borrowed, has kept D.bought, has borrowed
5. Look! One of the girls ______the door.
A. cleans B.is cleaning C.clean D.are cleaning
6. If you don’t feel well, you may just ______.
stopped reading B.stop reading C.stopped to read D.stop to read
7. ----Where can we get a baseball?
----Let’s ______.
A. lend Jim one B.lend one to Jim
C.borrow one from Jim D.borrow one of Jim
8. ----My model ship doesn’t work.
----Don’t worry. I’ll have it ______this afternoon.
A. repairing B.made C.repaired D.mend
9. You ______wash your hands before meals.
A. need B.must C.can D.may
10. Will you ______the light? It’s dark in the room.
A. get on B.get off C.trun on D.turn off
11. My name is Zhang Mingjian. You may ______me Zhang Mingjian or Mr Zhang.
A. ask B.say C.tell D.call
12. There is going to ______a game in our school this afternoon.
A. has B.have C.be D.are
13. You’d better______smoking. It’s bad for your health.
A. eat up B.give up C.come up D.get up
14. ----How do you like this book?
----I think it has nothing to______with our study.
A. make B.do C.take D.hold
15. ----Where is Mr Brown? I have some questions to ask him.
----He ______the office.
A. has been to B.has been in C.has gone to D.has gone in
16.The bus kept the people ______for twenty minutes.
A. wait B.to wait C.waiting D.waits
17.I believe the scientists will______a better way to heal the disease.
A. get on with B.come up with C.go on with D.catch up with
18.----Why do you often ______this pink blouse?
----Because it fits me well.
A. put on B.wear C.buy D.try on
19. Jack always runs faster than Peter, but this time he ______him.
A. went over B.fell behind C.put off D.dropped off
20. The Internet ______it easy to get much new information in a short time.
A. finds B.makes C.feels D.takes
答案：1--5 BACCB 6—10 BCCBC 11--15 DCBBC 16—20 CBBBB
二、选择最佳答案填空(动词时态)：
1. We __out by that time that he___a thief for a longtime.
A. had found, had been B. had found, was
C. found, had been D. found, was
2. It so happened that they___the novel before.
A. had read B. would read C. were reading D. read
3. She___for nearly two hours.
A. kept talking B. kept to talk C. has kept talking D. kept to talking
4. Spring__after winter.
A. comes B. came C. has come D. had come
5.—I hear some noise in the next room.
—Oh, yes. Your sister__there.
A. cries B. is crying C. cried D. was crying
6. All the students_to plant trees and there’s nobody in the classroom.
A. go B. will go C. have gone D. wound go
7. Stop! A little boy___the street.
A. is crossing B. crosses C. crossed D. has crossed
8. The girl__to milk since last winter.
A. learns B. learned C. has learned D. would learn
9. What_to you this morning?
A. happens B. is happened C. happened D. was happened
10. —The old man looks healthy.
—Yes. He__some running after he gets up.
A. does B. did C. has done D. will do
11. She didn’t pass the exams because she___her lessons well.
A. wasn’t prepared B. wasn’t been prepared
C. hadn’t prepared D. was preparing
12. This story_in a faraway village in Europe many years ago.
A. is happened B. was happened C. happened D. has been happened
13. —Mr King came back to our village.
—Really? For what?
—The old man__ the noise in the city.
A. is hating B. hates C. was hating D. has hated
14. His father _for a week.
A. died B. will die C. has been died D. has been dead
15. My mother is ill. I ___stay at home and look after her.
A. has to B. must C. would D. have to
16.---Do you know the Frenchman?
---Yes. I __him for two years.
A. know B. have known C. knew D. have been known
17. They___ all their money, so they have to walk home.
A. spend B. had spent C. have spent D. will spend
18. Great changes__ in the city, and a lot of factories___.
A.have been taken place, have been set up
B.have taken place, have been set up
C.have taken place, have set up
D.were taken place, were set up
19. ---When did Kate’s grandma die?
---While the doctors___on her.
A. are operating B. were operating C. operate D. operated
20. ---Who are you looking for?
---Mr White.
---Wait here for a while. The class meeting_ over in half an hour.
A. is B. will be C. was D. has been
21. If she’s not at home, you ___try telephoning her at the office.
A. will B. could C. would D. need
22. All the new words _up in the dictionary yet.
A. have looked B. haven’t looked C. have been looked D. haven’t been looked
23.I don’t want to speak to her, but I __.
A. do B. have to C. have to speak D. must to
24. Hurry up, or you _ the train.
A. miss B. lose C. will miss D. will lose
25.The new library ____ next week.
A.. will build B . will be built C. would build D. would be built
26.---Where’s Mabel?
---She _____ ping pong behind the teaching building.
A. is playing B. was playing C. played D. had played
27. Quite a few tall buildings _______ the last two years.
A. have been put up B. were put up C. had put up D. put up
28. Man-made-satellites______ into space by many countries.
A. was sent up B. is sent up C. have been sent up D. has been sent up
29. I _______ all the words on the black board. May I go home now?
B. copy B. will coup C. copied D. have copied
30. Nobody knew _______ a living in that country.
A. to do B. to make C. how to do D. how to make
31.The old man needs at most five hour’s sleep a night ,but he__________ for over seven hours tonight.
A. has fallen asleep B has slept C has gone to bed D. has gone to sleep
32.I’m really getting too fat. From now on, I________ more exercise and eat less food.
A have done B do C am doing D will do
33. You don’t need__________ her. I_________ her for several times.
A describe, had met B describe, meet C to describe, have met D describe, met
34. His speech in English was difficult__________.
A in following B for being followed C to follow D to be followed by
35. When he was a child, he tried to find ways_______ people________ life more.
A. to help, enjoy B. help, to enjoy C. help, enjoying D. to be helped, to enjoy
36.What did your class teacher ________you to _______at the meeting?
A. tell, say B. ask, speak C. tell, speak D. ask, talk
37.______the bus until it _______.
A. Get off, stops B. get off, will stop
C. Don’t get off, stops D. Don’t get off, will stop
38 The living standard of the people in Shanghai_______ in the last ten years.
A. has raised B. has risen C. has been raised D. has been risen
39 –What did Mr Jones do before he moved here?
-He_______ a city bus for over twenty-five years.
A. has driven B. drove C. drives D. is driving
40. Hurry up! The play _______ for ten minutes.
A. had begun B. began C. has been on D. has begun
答案：1-5 CAAAB 6-10 CACCC 11-15 CCBCD 16-20 BCBBB
21-25 ADBCB 26-30 AACDD 31-35 BDCCA 36-40 ACBBC
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